In March 2021, the UK government and the country’s oil and gas sector agreed to a deal to leverage the upstream industry’s capabilities, accelerate the energy transition and help the North Sea reach net-zero by 2050.
Global energy research and consultancy group, Wood Mackenzie, believes that a significant opportunity exists to create a supply of clean, affordable energy by harnessing the North Sea’s natural resources, the UK’s world-class oil and gas and renewables sectors, and connections to substantial domestic and international markets.
The North Sea Transition Deal is based around four pillars, with clear targets set for each:
- Supply decarbonisation: reduce emissions from oil and gas production by 50 per cent by 2030;
- Carbon capture usage and storage (CCUS): target 10 million tonnes per annum (Mtpa) of carbon capture by 2030;
- Hydrogen: deliver 5 gigawatts (GW) of low-carbon hydrogen capacity by 2030;
- Supply chain/people: deliver investment of £14-16 billion into low-carbon technology by 2030.
These targets are backed by measures including sector and government funding commitments, policy and regulatory development, as well as support for research and action plans.
Neivan Boroujerdi, Principal Analyst for Europe Upstream at Wood Mackenzie, said: “Clear – near-term – targets are a big step in the right direction though some are more ambitious than others.”
“Achieving 50 per cent lower emissions by 2030 will require either full electrification of the West of Shetland and Central North Sea or earlier-than-expected field cessations,” he said.
Similarly, Wood Mackenzie’s research indicates the lack of near-term projects will make meeting the hydrogen target of 5 GW by 2030 difficult.
While the CCUS capacity target of 10 Mtpa is achievable based on projects in the pipeline, all have hurdles to overcome before final investment decisions are made.
Mr Boroujerdi said progress is required around funding, carbon pricing and regulation to really kickstart investment and turn the deal into a reality.
“The UK has an opportunity to set its own path with carbon pricing as current EU area prices are not high enough to incentivise low-carbon energies,” he said.
“COP26 is likely to come with even more ambitious long-term proposals, but our analysis shows action is required in the short-term.”
He noted that Wood Mackenzie’s base-case forecast of emissions intensity falls short of the government’s supply decarbonisation target of 50 per cent lower emissions by 2030.
While the commitment to a zero routine flaring initiative is positive, flaring makes up less than 20 per cent of gross upstream emissions.
“Over 70 per cent of the UK North Sea’s gross upstream emissions come from processing and production, but this can be negated through electrification.”
“However, with many key hubs in decline, time is running out to make the economic case for action,” Mr Boroujerdi said.
The UK government’s CCUS target of four clusters and 10 Mtpa by 2030 is broadly in line with Wood Mackenzie’s Accelerated Energy Transition 2-degree (AET-2) scenario – that is, the action the group believes is required to keep global warming to the 2C cap set by the Paris Agreement.
Mr Boroujerdi shared: “We think the UK target is achievable given the number of projects in the pipeline, but the timing is tight. But an even bigger ramp-up beyond 2030 will be required – we estimate over 50 Mtpa by 2050 in our AET-2 scenario.”
He added: “The UK government’s target of 5 GW – or 800, 000 tonnes per annum – by 2030 is not ambitious enough. The target is also challenging given the lack of near-term projects. More progress is required on all fronts.”
“Much like carbon capture, utilisation and storage, a big ramp-up in capacity is required to meet our 2-degree scenario in 2050, where we see green hydrogen playing an increasing role.”
“However, the case for upstream is still strong. While tax revenues have fallen, the sector still makes a significant contribution to the UK’s economy, with most spend being incurred locally. Even in the greenest scenario, UK demand for oil and gas will outstrip supply.”
Yet Mr Boroujerdi said upstream investment is set to hit a 50-year low and could fall below US$1 billion by 2023 unless new projects are sanctioned.
“The government needs to strike the right balance between promotion of net-zero initiatives and keeping the sector alive while new energy spend is in its infancy,” he concluded.
